Is Dairy Healthy and Do Humans Need it?

Acne is much less common in non-Western societies and increases with junk food diets. It is caused by obstruction and inflammation of hair follicles and the oil (sebum) glands in the skin. If hair follicles become infected with bacteria (usually Propionibacterium acnes) the condition gets worse.

Several large studies show that the more dairy products teenagers consume, the more they suffer from acne. The most likely cause, say the authors, is the many hormones and other bioactive molecules that dairy products naturally contain.

One of the main culprits is a growth hormone called IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1). Dairy products contain it but they also increase production of your body’s own IGF-1. On top of that, there are steroid hormones in dairy which encourage more and faster production of oil (sebum) and skin cells and the result is oily skin and clogged pores where bacteria can breed.

Bodybuilders who use steroid hormones are more prone to acne and so are athletes who use whey-based shakes and supplements. Dairy affects hormone levels and therefore the skin. Case studies show that young athletes lost their acne when taken off whey supplements but it returned when they went back to using whey.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the joints causing considerable pain and discomfort. Rheumatoid arthritis is thought to be an autoimmune disease, where the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues.

Research suggests that dairy may trigger this autoimmune response in some people (with a genetic predisposition) via a mechanism called molecular mimicry. This may occur when the immune system reacts to certain proteins in cow’s milk and produces antibodies to attack it but they mistakenly attack cells in the body which appear similar.

Another link between dairy and rheumatoid arthritis may be a bacterium called Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) commonly found in milk and beef. Research suggests this bacteria may be a trigger for developing rheumatoid arthritis in people who are genetically at risk.

Asthma is a chronic, inflammatory lung disease characterised by recurrent breathing problems. During an asthma attack, the lining of the airways becomes inflamed and the airways become narrower causing the characteristic symptoms of asthma: coughing, wheezing, difficulty in breathing and tightness across the chest.

Food allergy is often associated with asthma and cow’s milk protein is one of the most common food allergens. However, even people who are not allergic to cow’s milk often find that dairy can trigger or makes their asthma worse – diets higher in fat, particularly saturated fat from dairy products and meat, have also been linked to asthma. On the other hand, a diet based on plant foods and rich in fruit and vegetables may reduce the frequency and severity of attacks.

The scientific evidence linking cow’s milk and certain cancers (particularly the hormone-sensitive cancers – prostate, breast and ovarian) is mounting. Regular dairy consumption ensures that you’re ingesting the hormones naturally present in dairy including oestrogens, progesterone and growth hormones. These may all play a role in the development or growth of hormone-sensitive cancers. For ovarian cancer, milk sugar (lactose) has also been linked to an increased risk of the disease.

Two-thirds of milk in the UK is taken from pregnant cows with the remainder coming from cows that have recently given birth. This means the hormone content in milk is much higher than it used to be decades ago. Dairy consumption also increases the production of IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1) in the human body and higher levels are linked to higher risks of certain cancers.

Colic is the medical term for excessive, frequent crying in a baby who appears to be otherwise healthy and well fed. It is a poorly understood yet common condition that affects around one in five babies. Typically, a baby with colic will scream and draw up their legs. Infants with colic often cannot be comforted, even by feeding.

Several factors are thought to contribute including poor digestion, lactose intolerance and/or a reaction to cow’s milk proteins. Certain components of cow’s milk may lead to colic – in a clinical trial to investigate the effects of cow’s milk whey proteins, 24 out of 27 infants with colic showed no symptoms after whey protein was removed from their diet. In order to alleviate the negative effects of cow’s milk whey proteins (and other milk proteins thought to cause colic) in some infant formulas are hydrolysed, this means the proteins are broken up. These hydrolysed formulas are called hypoallergenic and have been shown to be effective in the treatment of colic in some infants.

Many reports now also link the maternal intake of cow’s milk to the occurrence of colic in exclusively breastfed infants. The breast milk of mothers who consume cow’s milk and milk products has been shown to contain intact proteins from these foods. In trials where mothers eliminated all dairy products from their diet, the colic disappeared in over a half of the infants.

In children, chronic constipation may be a symptom of milk allergy or intolerance. In studies where dairy products were removed from children’s diets, most of them experienced relief.

In adults, dairy can also cause constipation – it’s been suggested that a type of protein found in milk (A1 beta-casein), slows down the speed at which food moves through the digestive tract which can contribute to constipation.

Dairy products contain no fibre – a natural component of plant foods essential to a healthy digestive tract and bowel movements – so a diet based on dairy and other animal products can be lacking in fibre and thus cause constipation.

Crohn’s disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It is a long-term condition that causes inflammation of the lining of the digestive system. The symptoms are similar to other bowel conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and ulcerative colitis and can include diarrhoea, abdominal pain, fatigue (extreme tiredness), unintended weight loss and blood and mucus in the faeces.

Crohn’s disease is linked to dairy foods through a bacterium cattle often carry. The MAP bacterium that causes Johne’s disease in cattle is also found in retail pasteurised cow’s milk and in rivers contaminated with infected cow manure. A substantial body of evidence now supports the causal link between MAP and Crohn’s disease in people. Professor John Hermon-Taylor at St George’s Hospital Medical School in London has found MAP in patients with Crohn’s disease from the UK, Ireland, US, Germany and United Arab Emirates.

Over the last 60 years, the worldwide incidence of type 1 diabetes has risen by over three per cent a year, doubling every 20 years, with a rapid rise in the number of children affected. If this trend continues in 2035 the NHS could be spending 17 per cent of its entire budget on treating diabetes.

Early exposure to cow’s milk proteins has been linked to type 1 diabetes, where little or no insulin is produced. Candidate proteins in cow’s milk include: casein, bovine serum albumin and bovine insulin. Unfortunately, these proteins ‘look like’ our own pancreatic cells and may trigger an inappropriate immune response in genetically susceptible people whereby our own immune system launches an attack mistakenly against our own pancreatic cells. This autoimmune reaction leads to diabetes. Even a short duration of exposure to cow’s milk infant formula may constitute a risk factor for type 1 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes (normally affects adults over 40) is occurring in young adults at the level of a global epidemic driven by the increasing burden of obesity. The risk factors for type 2 diabetes (obesity, poor diet and lack of exercise) are well-documented and one obvious preventative measure is to reduce the amount of saturated fat in the diet. This means cutting out meat and dairy and increasing the intake of fruit, vegetables, whole grains, pulses, nuts and seeds. Indeed, low-fat vegan diets have been shown to reverse type 2 diabetes.

Gallstones are solid pieces of stone-like material, usually made of cholesterol, that form in the gall bladder, which is a small organ on the right side of the body, below the liver. It stores a green liquid called bile, which is produced by the liver to help the body digest fats. As we eat, bile is released from the gall bladder into the intestines through a thin tube called the bile duct. Gallstones are formed when some of the compounds stored in the gall bladder harden into a solid mass – they are made up of cholesterol and other fats, bile salts and the pigment bilirubin. They may be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a golf ball. Some people may have one large stone while others may have many small ones. Gallstones are the most common cause of emergency hospital admission for people with abdominal pain – the passage of a gallstone along the bile duct to the small intestine can be extremely painful.

The main dietary risk factors are low-fibre intake (a lack of plant foods in the diet), high saturated fat and cholesterol intake (animal fats) and obesity. High-fat dairy products (butter, cheese, cream, ice cream) are among the main sources of saturated fat and cholesterol in Western diets.

Diseases of the heart and circulatory system are collectively called cardiovascular disease (CVD) and are a leading cause of death in the UK. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is one of the two main forms of CVD along with stroke. CHD occurs when there is a build-up of fatty deposits (plaques) along the walls of the arteries that supply the heart with blood. These plaques build up and clog the arteries making them narrower and restricting the blood flow. Blood clots can form at the site of a plaque in the coronary artery and cut off the blood supply to the heart. This can result in heart attack and sudden death. The scenario for stroke is similar but occurs in the brain – if the supply of blood is restricted or stopped, a stroke may occur and brain cells could begin to die, which can lead to brain damage and possibly death.

The plaques that block the arteries are made up of a fatty substance that contains cholesterol and diets high in saturated fats increase the risk of these plaques forming. Foods high in saturated fat include dairy products: butter, ghee, lard, cream, hard cheese, ice cream, whole milk and cakes. Replacing unhealthy saturated fat with healthier polyunsaturated fats from plant foods may actually be more effective in lowering the risk of heart disease than reducing the total amount of fat in the diet. Soya (protein), nuts, plant sterols and soluble fibres (found in oats and some fruit, vegetables and pulses) all help lower cholesterol which is a risk factor for heart disease.

Milk naturally contains hormones – they are there to help direct the growth of the calf and include growth hormones (eg IGF-1), oestrogens, progesterone, adrenal and pituitary hormones. As milk is taken from pregnant cows and cows that have recently given birth, it may contain higher levels of hormones and these have been linked to some hormone-sensitive cancers, such as breast, prostate and ovarian cancer.

In addition to that, cow’s milk stimulates your own body to produce the growth hormone IGF-1 in the liver. IGF-1 stimulates the growth of human cancer cells in the laboratory and increased IGF-1 levels are linked to cancers of the bowel, breast and prostate. Furthermore, IGF-1 may transform pre-existing or benign tumours into a more aggressive form of cancer.

Professor T. Colin Campbell, Professor Emeritus of Nutritional Biochemistry at Cornell University, says that IGF-1 may turn out to be a predictor of certain cancers in the same way that cholesterol is a predictor of heart disease.

In 1836, after returning from the Beagle, Charles Darwin wrote “I have had a bad spell. Vomiting every day for eleven days, and some days after every meal.” Darwin suffered for over 40 years from long bouts of vomiting, stomach cramps, headaches, severe tiredness, skin problems and depression. A number of researchers now suggest that he suffered from lactose intolerance. His case is a good example of how easily lactose intolerance can be missed.

We normally consume breastmilk in infancy and then stop, which is why the human body produces the enzyme to digest lactose (the sugar in both breastmilk and cow’s milk) in the early years of life and, in most people, gradually stops producing it in during childhood. The ability to carry on digesting lactose into adulthood results from a genetic mutation that occurred among some people in central Europe and some parts of Africa and India a few thousand years ago. Descendants of these people are able to consume dairy milk today without suffering the symptoms of lactose intolerance (bloating, wind, discomfort etc). However, that doesn’t mean it is good for them. Being lactose intolerant is the natural, normal state for most adults in the world.

Allergy vs intolerance

Lactose intolerance should not be confused with cow’s milk allergy, they are entirely different. Cow’s milk allergy is where the immune system reacts to cow’s milk proteins. Lactose intolerance is where the body cannot digest lactose – the sugar in milk.

A migraine is much more than a bad headache and unless you suffer from them, it is difficult to appreciate just how debilitating a migraine can be. Often people with a migraine can do nothing but lie quietly in a darkened room waiting for the pain to pass. The pain is excruciating, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting and an increased sensitivity to light and sound. A migraine can last for a few hours or a few days.

A range of common factors that can cause migraines in some people have been identified. Some scientists suggest that fluctuating levels of hormones may be linked to the causes of migraines (hence the higher number of women affected). Other factors include emotional, physical, environmental, medicinal and dietary factors. Foods are frequently identified as triggers and the most common culprits include dairy products (particularly cheese), chocolate, alcohol (particularly red wine), caffeine, citrus fruits, nuts, fried foods and foods containing monosodium glutamate (MSG). Other triggers include cigarette smoke, bright lights, hunger, certain drugs (such as sleeping tablets, HRT and the combined oral contraceptive pill), loud noises, strong smells, neck and back pain, stress and tiredness. All these factors and others can lead to a migraine, and some people may experience a migraine following any one or a combination of these factors.

The national medical charity Allergy UK lists cheese (particularly Stilton, Brie, Camembert and Emmenthal) as the third commonest cause of food-induced migraine after alcohol and chocolate.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common disease of the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) affecting young adults in the UK. It is estimated that there are currently around 100,000 people with MS in the UK. Symptoms usually first develop between the ages of 15 and 45, with the average age of diagnosis being about 30.

Sclerosis means scarring and multiple refers to the different sites at which the scarring can occur throughout the brain and spinal cord. In MS the protective sheath (myelin) that surrounds the nerve fibres of the central nervous system becomes damaged. When myelin is damaged (demyelination) the messages between the brain and other parts of the body become disrupted.

MS is an autoimmune disease whereby the body’s immune system attacks its own tissues. As with other autoimmune diseases, it is thought that a combination of genetic factors and environmental triggers cause the disease. Recent research shows that an important environmental factor is diet.

Several studies found a link between the consumption of cow’s milk and the incidence of MS. Other research suggests that for people who already have MS, avoiding saturated fats (dairy and meat) may significantly slow down the progression of the disease.

Most people know what the term obesity means: an increased body weight caused by the excessive accumulation of fat. Overweight and obesity occur when more calories are taken into the body than are burnt up over time. In other words, if you don’t burn up the energy you consume it will be stored as fat, and over time this may lead to excessive weight gain and obesity.

Abdominal fat (also known as internal or visceral fat) is of particular concern because it’s a key player in a variety of health problems including high blood pressure and cholesterol (which can lead to heart disease), diabetes and some cancers. You don’t have to be overweight or obese to have high levels of this type of fat. Some slim people, who do little or no exercise, can have elevated levels of visceral fat. Unlike subcutaneous fat (the kind you can grasp with your hand), visceral fat lies deep within the abdominal region, hidden in the white fat that surrounds the vital organs, streaked through underused muscles and wrapped around the heart.

The main causes of obesity include an excessive intake of food coupled to a lack of exercise and a sedentary lifestyle. As populations become more urban and incomes rise, diets high in sugar, fat and animal products replace more traditional diets that were high in plant foods with healthy carbohydrates and fibre.

Cutting the amount of fatty and sugary foods in the diet, replacing them with plant-based wholefoods and moving from saturated animal-based fats to unsaturated plant fats is a smart move towards a healthy weight. Whole milk, cheese, cream, butter and ice cream contain significant amounts of saturated fat and cholesterol. There is no nutritional requirement for saturated fat in the human diet so cutting dairy foods out is a healthy decision.

Osteoporosis (meaning porous bones) is a condition that affects the bones, causing them to become weak and more likely to fracture. Although the whole skeleton is usually affected, fractures most commonly occur in the spine, wrist and hips. Osteoporosis develops when calcium is lost from the bones and they become more fragile. It’s commonly associated with post-menopausal women but osteoporosis can also affect men, younger women and children. In the UK, one in two women and one in five men over the age of 50 will experience fractures, mostly as a result of low bone strength.

Many people believe that because cow’s milks contains calcium, it must be good for the bones – which is a testament to the dairy industry’s marketing but bears no relevance to reality. In countries with the highest milk and dairy products intake, the rates of osteoporosis are also the highest.

In their recommendations for preventing osteoporosis the World Health Organisation state that:

“The paradox (that hip fracture rates are higher in developed countries where calcium intake is higher than in developing countries where calcium intake is lower) clearly calls for an explanation. To date, the accumulated data indicate that the adverse effect of protein, in particular animal (but not vegetable) protein, might outweigh the positive effect of calcium intake on calcium balance.”

Western-style diets (rich in dairy foods and animal protein) accompany hip fracture rates around the world. We do need calcium for healthy bones but as research shows, we’re better off getting it from plant sources as dairy products don’t help to improve our bone health and animal protein (from meat, dairy and eggs) may even weaken bones.

What matters most when it comes to bone health is physical (especially weight-bearing) activity to stimulate bones and a healthy diet and lifestyle – this means eating plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables, pulses, wholegrains, nuts and seeds and cutting down on caffeine and avoiding alcohol and smoking.

Calcium is a mineral that naturally occurs in compounds such as limestone and chalk. In the human body, it plays a central role in maintaining bone health and strength; around 99 per cent of our calcium is in the bones and teeth, the other one per cent is involved in the regulation of muscle contraction, heartbeat, blood clotting and functioning of the nervous system.

Government guidelines recommend the following daily amounts:

Children

• 0-12 months: 525 mg
• 1-3 years: 350 mg
• 4-6 years: 450 mg
• 7-10 years: 550 mg

Males

• 11-18 years 1,000 mg
• Over 19 years 700 mg

Females

• 11-18 years: 800 mg
• Over 19 years: 700 mg
• During lactation: +550 mg

Studies show that calcium intake above recommended amounts offers no additional protection from fractures and can actually increase the risk.

While milk and dairy products do contain calcium, plant-based sources provide a much healthier source. Good plant-based sources include green leafy vegetables such as broccoli, kale, spring greens, cabbage, parsley and watercress. Also rich in calcium are dried fruits such as figs and apricots, nuts, particularly almonds and Brazil nuts and seeds including sesame seeds and tahini (sesame seed paste). Pulses including peas, beans, lentils and calcium-set tofu (soya bean curd) provide a good source of calcium as does molasses.

Calcium content of some plant foods:

Cauldron Foods plain tofu (100g) – 400mg, almonds (30g – a small handful) – 72mg, Brazil nuts (30g – a small handful) – 87mg, sesame seeds (1 tablespoon) – 56mg, tahini (10g – two teaspoons) – 68mg sunflower seeds (25g – a small handful) – 28mg, broccoli (80g portion boiled in unsalted water) – 32mg, kale (80g portion boiled in unsalted water) – 120mg, watercress (80g portion raw) – 136mg, dried figs (100g – four to six pieces of fruit) – 250mg, fortified plant milks (200ml glass) – 240mg

For more information, see the Calcium page of our A-Z of Nutrients and our Calcium-rich foods poster.

Calcium is absorbed best from foods that also contain good amounts of magnesium – and many plant foods rich in calcium also have plenty of magnesium so it’s an easy equation. These foods are for example kale, cabbage, spring greens, broccoli, bok choy, almonds, other nuts and seeds, beans and dried figs.

Spinach contains a lot of calcium but it’s bound to a substance called oxalate which inhibits calcium absorption, so it’s best to not rely on spinach for calcium too much.

Grains, nuts and seeds contain a substance called phytic acid which was considered to hinder calcium absorption; however phytic acid is now believed to have only a minor influence and cooking, baking and sprouting minimises its effects so it’s nothing to worry about.

Caffeine and smoking have been shown to reduce calcium absorption.

All mammals drink the milk of their mothers until they are weaned. Unlike all other mammals, some humans continue to drink milk after weaning and into adulthood, and not just that, they drink the milk of another species! To state the obvious (but often overlooked) fact – cow’s milk has evolved to help turn a small calf into a cow in less than a year. That’s why cow’s milk contains around four times as much calcium as human milk. Calves need a huge amount of calcium for fast bone growth over the first year of life. A human infant does not require such high levels of calcium; indeed the high mineral content of cow’s milk puts a strain on the human infant kidney which is why most governments strongly recommend that children do not drink normal ‘off the shelf’ milk in the first year.

The proteins in cow’s milk (especially casein) are the most common food allergen and most people in the world are unable to digest milk sugar, lactose, after weaning (they are lactose intolerant). The explanation to this is simple – cow’s milk is not a natural food for humans.

No, what they do need is exercise and a healthy plant-based diet. Research shows that physical exercise is the most critical factor for building and maintaining healthy bones, followed by improving the diet and lifestyle – this means eating plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables, plant protein (pulses, nuts and seeds) and – especially important for teenagers – avoiding alcohol and smoking.

Children can get more than enough calcium from nuts and seeds, green leafy vegetables, beans, dried figs, fortified plant milks and yoghurts.

For more information, see Healthy Bones for Life.

No, less than half of the calcium in the average UK diet comes from milk and milk products. So despite the misconceived notion that milk is the best (or only) source of calcium the facts show that a large share of the calcium in our diets is derived from sources other than dairy foods. This is not surprising as most people in the world (around 70 per cent) obtain their calcium from plant-based sources rather than dairy products.

While milk and dairy products do contain calcium, plant-based sources provide a much healthier source. Good plant-based sources include green leafy vegetables such as broccoli, kale, spring greens, cabbage, parsley and watercress. Also rich in calcium are dried fruits such as figs and apricots, nuts, particularly almonds and Brazil nuts and seeds including sesame seeds and tahini (sesame seed paste). Pulses including peas, beans, lentils and calcium-set tofu (soya bean curd) provide a good source of calcium as does molasses.

Lactose intolerance is the inability to digest lactose, the sugar in milk. In order for lactose to be digested, it must be broken down in the gut by the enzyme lactase into its two component sugars (glucose and galactose). Infants produce lactase but lose their ability to digest lactose after weaning (commonly after the age of two). Losing this ability is a clear indication that after weaning, milk is not a natural food for us. In other words, being lactose intolerant after infancy is the natural state of being for all mammals.

Lactose intolerance occurs in around 90-100 per cent of Asians, 65-70 per cent of Africans and 10 per cent of Caucasians. Symptoms include nausea, cramps, bloating, wind, and diarrhoea.

Milk allergies occur when the body’s immune system perceives milk proteins (casein or whey) in milk as a foreign invader and launches an attack. Symptoms usually include excessive mucus production resulting in a runny nose and blocked ears. More serious symptoms include eczema/rash, swelling of the throat, tongue or lips, colic, diarrhoea, asthma and vomiting.

Milk allergy is one of the most common food allergies in children. Any animal milk (not just cow’s milk) can cause an allergic reaction.

Early exposure to cow’s milk or cow’s milk-based infant formula has been linked to an immune response that can lead to type 1 diabetes in genetically susceptible children. The immune response involves the body’s immune system reacting to a trigger (a protein in cow’s milk). Structural similarities between the triggering molecule and the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells confuse the human immune system and it attacks the pancreatic cells by mistake. This then limits the ability of the pancreas to produce insulin and may lead to diabetes.

For more information see Viva!Health’s fully-referenced scientific report The Big-D: Defeating Diabetes through Diet and a practical guide The Big-D: defeating diabetes with the D-Diet, both can be downloaded here.

Several nutrients help calcium absorption. Vitamin D is very important for both calcium absorption and bone health – it is either obtained from the diet or is made in the skin following exposure to sunlight. Vitamin D deficiency may occur if exposure to the sun is limited (eg in autumn and winter, if you’re housebound or always protect your skin from the sun) and without sufficient vitamin D, your body absorbs less calcium. It is now recommended that everyone in the UK (regardless of diet) takes a vitamin D supplement from October to April and all year round if you cover up in the summer.

Vegans obtain vitamin D from sunlight and fortified foods such as soya milks, cereals and margarines. It is important to get the balance right between being cautious about exposure to the sun and aware of the need for some exposure. It is now advised by the UK government that we apply sunblock after 10 to 15 minutes of exposure to the sun, this is so that we can synthesise vitamin D in our skin.

Aside from vitamin D, we also need magnesium, potassium, vitamin C and vitamin K for good bone health. A healthy vegan diet that includes five to eight servings a day of fruit and vegetables (including green leafy vegetables, such as kale, broccoli or rocket) should optimise the intake of these and other micronutrients required.

No, osteoporosis occurs most commonly in countries where people drink the most cow’s milk! American women are among the biggest consumers of calcium in the world yet they suffer one of the highest levels of osteoporosis, while African Bantu women eat almost no dairy products at all and have a relatively low calcium intake from vegetable sources yet osteoporosis is virtually unknown among them. Milk consumption does not protect against bone fracture, in fact, an increased dairy calcium intake may even increase the risk of fracture.

Calcium loss from the bones has been linked to high intakes of animal protein. By the age of 80, vegetarians tend to have lost less bone mineral compared to omnivores. Research suggests that the more animal protein you eat, the higher your risk of hip fracture becomes. Cross-cultural studies show strong links between a high animal protein diet, bone degeneration and the occurrence of hip fractures. In a rural community in China where most of the protein in the diet came from plant foods rather than animal foods, the fracture rate was one-fifth of that in the US.

For more information, see Healthy Bones for Life.

Yes it certainly can. A vegan diet rich in fruit and vegetables, pulses, wholegrains, nuts and seeds can provide all you need for a long and healthy life, reducing the risk of osteoporosis and many other diseases. In contrast, diets loaded with dairy products are associated with increased risk of osteoporosis, certain hormone-sensitive cancers, heart disease, obesity and diabetes.

For more information, see the Calcium page of our A-Z of Nutrients and our Calcium-rich foods poster.

• Children and adults do not need dairy foods for good bone health; they do need exercise and a healthy vegan diet to ensure strong bones.
• You can get enough calcium to cover your body’s needs from green leafy vegetables, nuts and seeds, pulses, fortified plant milks and yoghurts, dried figs and tahini (sesame seed paste).
• Diets loaded with dairy products are associated with an increased risk of many diseases including asthma, osteoporosis, hormone-sensitive cancers, heart disease, obesity and diabetes.
• Cow’s milk is not a normal or natural food for humans to consume.
• Most people in the world are lactose intolerant – it’s a natural state of being as no other mammals suckle past infancy.
• Many children are affected by cow’s milk allergies and suffer from serious digestive problems if they consume milk and dairy products.
• Vitamin D, magnesium, potassium, vitamin C and vitamin K are all required for good bone health and a healthy vegan diet is packed with some sun exposure can provide all these.

Your bones, just like the rest of your body, need a wide range of nutrients to be healthy. Just topping up a poor diet with supplements won’t cut it. A healthy lifestyle is important for healthy bones too – bones adapt to physical stimulation so need you to be active and engage in a weight-bearing activity a few times a week (weight-bearing means anything where you carry the weight of your own body so it includes a wide range of activities apart from swimming and cycling).

These are our top tips for healthy bones:

• Increase your fruit and vegetable intake to 7-10 per day
• Use almonds for snacking and tahini (sesame seed paste) in cooking
• Have some green leafy vegetables (kale, broccoli, cabbage, rocket, watercress) daily
• Avoid protein from animal sources (meat, dairy, fish, eggs)
• Exercise regularly, use stairs rather than lift, walk wherever you can
• When watching TV, get up during ad breaks and walk around or do a few squats.
• Get adequate vitamin D through sunshine or a supplement
• Limit your alcohol intake and don’t smoke

For more information, see Healthy Bones for Life.

When a cow is suffering from mastitis (a painful bacterial infection of the udder), her body produces large numbers of white blood cells to fight the infection. Many of these cells, together with dead cells from the inner lining of the udder, then pass out in her milk. The greater the level of infection, the higher the number of  ‘somatic’ cells (which is just another name for pus) in the milk. Whilst a low level of cells is considered normal, an increased number of somatic cells in the milk indicates infection.

Under EU regulations, milk with a somatic cell count as high as 400 million cells per litre may still be sold for human consumption.

Around 33-50 per cent of dairy cows suffer from clinical mastitis every year and 14 per cent of cows are culled as a result. Clinical mastitis produces symptoms such as swollen, hard udders causing a lot of pain to the cow and discoloured or clotted milk.

Antibiotics are routinely used to treat mastitis and may be injected up the teat canal or administered orally. To help decrease the occurrence of mastitis in dairy herds, most farmers practice 100 per cent dry cow therapy. This involves injecting a long-acting antibiotic into all four teats of all cows, whether infected or not, as soon as they enter their dry period. There are strict limits on antibiotic residues in milk so whilst there are always hormones and varying amounts of pus in milk, antibiotic residues, if any, are very low.

For more information, see the White Lies report.

Yes, there are over 30 hormones and growth factors naturally present in cow’s milk. These hormones are normal components of milk meant to direct and fuel the rapid growth of a calf. After all, a tiny calf reaches almost adult size within a year!

There are hormones in all milk and dairy products. Sometimes, the dairy industry deflects questions about hormones by saying they don’t inject their cows with hormones (this is permitted in the US but not in the EU) but that only means there are no ‘extra’ hormones in the cows’ milk. That’s hardly reassuring! Dairy cows not only produce hormones naturally but because they are forcibly impregnated whilst lactating, their hormone levels rise even higher with the pregnancy.

Many scientists now warn against dairy as some of the hormones present in it and their effects on the human body have been linked to an increased risk of hormone-sensitive cancers (prostate and breast cancers).

For more information, see the White Lies report.